From the beginning of the Bronze Age to the San Frediano miracle: hydrological variability of the Northern Tuscany in the last 5000 cal ka BP impact. Mediterranean basin has been the cradle of ancient civilization, which have greatly affected the environment and to disentangle the role of climate vs human impact is of fundamental importance to understand short-to-long-term coastal evolution. We present high resolution reconstruction of climatic hydrological variability obtained using cave concretion (“speleothems”) from Apuan Alps (central Italy), of the last ca. 5000 yr cal BP, complemented by archeological, stratigraphic and historical data, which allow to define the general climatic and hydrological background where place coastline evolution.